Oleh : Drs. Tony Sartono Asmara
Adverb adalah kata keterangan. Fungsinya menerangkan kata kerja.
Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat
berikut!
John always has breakfast at 6 o’clock
John always has breakfast in the kitchen
John has breakfast quickly
Frase yang bercetak tebal, yaitu at 6 o’clock, at 6 o’clock, quickly adalah
Adverb (keterangan) yang menerangkan
kata kerja “has breakfast”.
“at 6 o’clock” menerangkan “waktu” makan (time), “in the kitchen”
menerangkan “tempat” makan (place),
dan “quickly” menerangkan “cara”
makan (manner).
Clause adalah Klausa atau anak kalimat. Anak kalimat terdiri dari kata
sambung + S + P + O + K. Letaknya sesudah atau sebelum Induk Kalimat.
Kesimpulan :
Adverb Clause adalah anak kalimat yang terdiri
dari kata sambung diikuti S + P + O + K dan berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan,
tugasnya menerangkan kata kerja.
Kata kerja yang diterangkannya terdapat pada Induk kalimat.
Keterangan waktu dari contoh kalimat di atas yaitu “at 6
o’clock” dapat kita ganti atau kita perluas dengan menggunakan Adverb Clause yang maknanya sama, yaitu
menerangkan waktu, misalnya “before he goes to school”. Maka
kalimatnya menjadi :
John always has breakfast at 6
o’clock
John always has breakfast before
he goes to school
“John always has breakfast”
adalah Induk Kalimat, dan “before he
goes to school” adalah Anak Kalimat.
Kalimat yang terdiri dari Induk kalimat
dan anak kalimat disebut Kalimat Majemuk Bertingkat.
Polanya :
S
+ P +
O + K
+ KS +
S + P
+ O + K
John always has breakfast before he goes to school
Anak Kalimat dapat ditempatkan di awal kalimat, seperti :
KS
+ S +
P + O, KS
+ S
+ P + O
+ K
Before
John goes to school, he always has breakfast
“before he goes to school”adalah Adverb clause yang menerangkan kata
kerja yang terdapat pada Induk kalimatnya yaitu “has”. Adverb clause tersebut menerangkan waktu John makan pagi.
Jadi yang diterangkan adalah waktunya.
Keterangan yang menerangkan kata kerja itu terdiri dari Adverb Clause of :
1. Time (Waktu) 6. Condition (Syarat)
2. Place (Tempat)
7. Purpose (Maksud)
3. Manner (Cara) 8. Result (Hasil)
4. Reason (Alasan)
9. Contingency (Kemungkinan)
5. Concession
(Perlawanan) 10.Comparison
(Perbandingan)
Masing-masing anak kalimat di
atas memiliki kata-kata sambung yang berbeda-beda. Berikut ini adalah kata-kata
sambung dari Adverb Clauses tersebut
berikut contoh-contohnya.
1. Adverb
Clause of Time
Kata-kata sambungnya : when, whenever, while, as soon as, since,
before, after, till / until,as
long as
Contoh :
I
shall do that when I have time
My
dog comes whenever I call
While
I was sitting there, he came up to me
As
soon as every one was ready, I gave the signal
I
hope to pay him a visit before I go away
I
go to school after I have my breakfast
As
I was going down the road, I met Tom
Be
sure to stay here until I come
I
haven’t seen him since I came back
2. Adverb
Clause of Place
Kata-kata sambungnya : where, wherever, as far as, as near as
Contoh :
He
wants to go where nobody can find him
I
will go whevever you want me to go
I
shall come as far as I can
Go
as near as you like to him. He does not bite
3. Adverb
Clause of Manner
Kata-kata sambungnya : as (seperti), as if / as though (seakan-akan)
Contoh :
You
ought to write as I do
He
does very much as he likes
Once my father
is away, I shall do as I like
That
dog looks as if it wanted something to eat
He
did it as though he had never done it before
4. Adverb
Clause of Reason
Kata-kata sambungnya : because, as, since, for, now that, seeing
that.
Contoh :
I
did not go to school because I was sick
As
there was no one there, I went back
I
needn’t tell you as he has told you already
Since
you were not, I cancelled the plan
Now
that he has left, there is nothing more to do
Seeing
that we are all here, we might as well begin
5. Adverb
Clause of Concession
Kata-kata sambungnya : although, though, even if, in spite of the
fact
that, however.
Contoh :
Although
he was sick, he went to school yesterday
I
don’t think he’ll come though he said he might
Even
if he tried hard, he failed in the exams
He won’t manage it however hard he
tries
He
is coming today in spite of the fact that I distinctly told him
I didn’t want him
However
happy he is, he never smiles
6. Adverb
Clause of Condition
Kata-kata sambungnya : if (jika), unless
(jika … tidak)
Polanya :
I will come to the party if she
invites me
I will not come to the party if she
does not invite me
Your parents will be happy if you
are diligent
Your parents will not be happy if
you are not diligent
If she invites me, I will come to
the party
If she does not invite me, I will
not come to the party
If you are diligent, your parents
will be happy
If you are not diligent, your
parents will not be happy
Unless = If …. not
Bila anak kalimatnya negative
(if….not), kata sambungnya dapat diganti dengan “unless”. Perubahannya adalah
sebagai berikut :
I
will not come to the party if she
does not invite me
I
will not come to the party unless
she invites me
Your
parents will not be happy if you are
not diligent
Your
parents will not be happy unless you
are diligent
If she does not invite me, I will not come to the party
Unless she invites me, I will not come
to the party
If you are not diligent, your parents will not be happy
Unless
you are diligent, your parents will not be happy
Kata-kata sambung lainnya adalah :
if only, supposing, provided that, as long as, so long as, on condition
that, or, or else, otherwise
Contoh :
We
would all be happy if only he hadn’t made that mistake
again
You
won’t be successful unless you work hard
Supposing
you failed the test, what would you do?
You
may borrow the car provided that you return it tomorrow
I don’t mind where you go as long as you let
me know
7. Adverb
Clause of Purpose
Kata-kata sambungnya : so that, in order that (= supaya)
Contoh :
I
do it like this so that it may look better
I
have written it very clearly so that he can read it easily
He
always leave the house very early in order that he might not
lose the first train
They
always walk to school in order that they may get plenty
of exercise
8. Adverb
Clause of Result
(begitu) (sehingga)
Kata-kata sambungnya : so + Adjective/ Adverb + that
such +
noun + that
Contoh :
The
test was so difficult that nobody could do it well
It
was such a difficult test that nobody could do it well
John
is so clever that all the teachers like him
John
is such a clever student that all the teachers like him
I
was so tired that I could not continue working
9. Adverb
Clause of Contingency
Kata-kata sambungnya : in case, for fear, less
Contoh :
You
had better take someone with you in case you lose your way
I
took a good meal before I went for fear I should not be able to
get any food there
They
decided to retreat at once lest they should be cut off from the
main force
I
had better bring an umbrella in case it rains
10.Adverb
Clause of Comparison
Kata-kata sambungnya : as + Adjective / Adverb + as (+)
so
+ Adjective / Adverb + as (-)
comparative + than
Contoh
:
He
does it as well as I do
He
does not do it so well as I do
He
does it better than I do
It
is quite as good as I thought
There
are not so many people here as I expected
I
don’t think this hill is so high as that one is
Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat
berikut :
The
weather was bad. They went out last night
Kalimat yang menyatakan
perlawanan seperti ini dapat digabungkan dengan beberapa kata sambung,
diantaranya : but, still / yet,
nevertheless, although / though, inspite of, despite, however. Hasil
gabungannya adalah :
The
weather was bad, but they went out
last night
The
weather was bad, yet they went out
last night
Although the weather was bad, they went
out last night
In spite of the bad weather, they went
out last night
Despite the bad weather, they went out
last night
However bad the weather was, they went
out last night
Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat
berikut :
The
weather was bad. They did not out last night
Kalimat yang mengandung
pengertian sebab akibat seperti ini dapat digabungkan dengan beberapa kata
sambung, diantaranya : so, therefore, thus, hence, concequently, because,
because of, due to. Hasil gabungannya adalah :
The
weather was bad, so they did not go
out last night
The
weather was bad, therefore they did
not go out last
night
Because the weather was bad, they did
not go out last
night
Because of the bad weather, they did
not go out last night
They
did not go out list night due to the
bad weather
Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat
berikut :
You must study hard. If you don’t, you will fail the test
Kalimat yang menyatakan pilihan
(Choice) di atas dapat diubah susunannya tanpa mengubah artinya, yaitu dengan
menggunakan kata-kata sambung : Unless, or, or else, otherwise. Hasil
gabungannya adalah :
You must study hard, or you will fail the test
You must study hard, or else you will fail the test
You must study hard, otherwise you will fail the test
Contoh lain :
You must not go out. If you do, you
will be sick
You
must not go out, or /otherwise, you will be sick
11. Additional
Information ( Informasi tambahan )
Keterangan atau informasi
tambahan dapat disampaikan dengan menggunakan kata-kata sambung : besides,
moreover, in addition. Kata-kata
sambung mempunyai arti : “lagi pula, tambahan pula.”
Contoh :
The weather is bad. They don’t want to go out
Kita juga dapat mengatakan :
The
weather is bad, besides they don’t
want to go out
Contoh lain :
I
can’t go now; I am busy. Besides I
have no money
Rina
won’t go to Bali, besides she has been there already
“Besides”
as Preposition
Selain sebagai kata sambung, Besides
juga dapat berfungsi sebagai kata depan (Preposition). Oleh karena itu, “Besides” dapat diikuti kata
benda atau kata kerja yang dibendakan (Gerund). “Besides” artinya
“selain”
Contoh :
Besides
cooking, the servant has to look after the garden
Besides
this house, John has an apartment in Jakarta
Beside
being good at sport, Rudi is a good student
Selamat
Belajar
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