Oleh : Drs. Tony Sartono Asmara
Kata kerja berakhiran -ING
dapat disebut Present Participle
atau Gerund.
Contoh :
Present Participle Gerund
crying
singing swimming reading
bleeding winding waiting
walking
Perbedaannya :
Present Participle berfungsi
sebagai Adjective (kata Sifat) yaitu
menerangkan Noun (kata benda)
sedangkan Gerund berfungsi sebagai Noun (kata benda) dan letaknya pada
posisi Subject atau Object. Baik Present Participle maupun
Gerund dapat digunakan untuk membentuk kata
benda majemuk.
A. PRESENT (ACTIVE)
PARTICIPLE
Letak Present
Participle
Sebagai Adjective (kata
sifat), Present participle dapat menerangkan kegiatan atau keadaan kata benda. Letaknya ada dua, yaitu :
1. Sebelum kata
benda (Attributive). Bertugas membentuk kata benda
majemuk.
Contoh :
Kata benda majemuk
A crying boy (anak yang
sedang menangis) (menerangkan
kegiatan)
A singing bird (burung yang sedang berkicau) (menerangkan kegiatan)
A bleeding child (anak yang
berlumuran darah) (menerangkan keadaan)
A winding road (jalan yang
berbelok-belok) (menerangkan keadaan)
2. Sesudah to be
(Predicative) Bertugas membentuk kata kerja
Continuous tenses.
Contoh :
The boy is crying loudly
The bird is singing on the branch of a tree
The child was bleeding when I saw him yesterday
The road is winding and long
3. Sesudah kata-kata kerja
yang berhubungan dengan panca indra, seperti : hear, listen to, see, look at, watch, notice,observe, feel, smell.
Juga setelah kata-kata kerja yang tidak berhubungan dengan panca indra, seperti
: catch, find, keep, leave.
Contoh :
I saw him repairing the
car alone yesterday
I watched the boy playing
football in the yard this morning
I found the begger sleeping
under the tree
The teacher caught the student opening
his notebook during the test
4. Sesudah kata benda. Bertugas menyederhanakan
klausa Adjective yang menggunakan kata sambung WHO dan WHICH.
Contoh :
The man wanted to meet you. The
man came here yesterday
The man who came here yesterday wanted to meet you
Kata sambung WHO pada kalimat diatas dapat dihilangkan dengan syarat kata
kerjanya, yaitu came harus diubah ke dalam bentuk present participle.
The man coming here yesterday wanted to meet you
The dog belongs to John. The dog
ran after me yesterday
The dog which ran after me yesterday belongs to John
Kata sambung WHICH pada kalimat diatas dapat dihilangkan dengan syarat kata
kerja-nya, yaitu ran harus diubah ke dalam bentuk present participle.
The dog running after me yesterday belongs to John
5. Di awal kalimat.Bertugas menyederhanakan
Adverb Clause of
Time, Reason, Condition
Contoh :
Contoh :
While he was repairing the car,
he found a wallet full of money
Repairing the car, he found a wallet full of money
After he had repaired the car, he
took a rest under the tree.
Having repaired the car, he took a rest under the tree
If he repairs the car now, he can
use it again this afternoon
Repairing the car now, he can use it again this afternoon
Because he repaired the car
alone, he took a long time to finish it
Repairing the car alone, he took a long time to finish it
Because he did not repair the
car, he could not go anywhere
Not repairing the car, he could not go anywhere
Because he was sick, he could not
repair the car
Being sick, he could not repaired the car
6. Di awal atau di akhir
kalimat. Bertugas untuk menggantikan kalimat atau induk kalimat jika :
a. Ada dua kejadian yang subjectnya sama terjadi secara bersamaan.
Contoh :
He walked away. He whistled as he
went
He walked away whistling
Disini present participle boleh
ditempatkan di muka, yaitu:
Whisting, he walked away
b. Ada satu
kejadian yang segera disusul oleh
kejadian lain yang subjectnya sama, maka
kejadian yang pertama dapat dinyatakan dengan present participle dan harus disebutkan lebih dahulu.
Contoh :
He opened the door. He threw the
rubbish outside.
Opening the door, he threw the rubbish outside
c. Kejadian kedua merupakan bagian atau akibat dari kejadian yang pertama, maka kejadian kedua
dinyatakan dengan present participle.
Contoh :
He went out. He slammed the door
He went out slamming the door
The police fired. They wounded
one of the burglars
The police fired wounding one of the burglars
GERUND
Sebagai kata benda, Gerund
letaknya pada posisi Subject atau Object. Tetapi gerund juga dapat digunakan
untuk membentuk kata benda majemuk.
Letaknya adalah sebelum kata benda intinya (Attributive) dan berfungsi
menerangkan kata benda inti.Yang
diterangkannya adalah fungsi atau kegunaan dari kata benda intinya.
Contoh :
Kata benda majemuk
A swimming-pool (kolam renang) (menerangkan
gunanya kolam)
A waiting-room (ruang tunggu) (menerangkan
gunanya ruangan)
A reading-lamp (lampu baca) (menerangkan gunanya lampu)
A dining-room (ruang makan) (menerangkan gunanya ruangan)
B. PAST (PASSIVE)
PARTICIPLE
Past Participle adalah kata kerja
bentuk ke 3, seperti : broken, stolen,
married, surprised, bored, impressed, hidden, troubled
Past Participle dapat berfungsi
sebagai kata sifat (Adjective), yaitu menerangkan kata benda (Noun).
Letak Past
Participle
1. Sebelum kata
benda (Attributive), membentuk kata benda majemuk.
Contoh :
A broken heart
A stolen car
A married woman
A hidden proof
2. Sesudah to be
(Predicative), membentuk kalimat Passive.
Contoh :
My car was stolen last night
The proof was hidden by thecriminal
3. Sesudah kata-kata kerja
yang berhubungan dengan panca indra, seperti : hear,listen to, see, look at, watch, notice, observe, feel, smell.Juga
setelah kata-kata kerja yang tidak berhubungan dengan panca indra, seperti : catch, find, keep,leave.
Contoh :
I saw the car repaired by him alone yesterday
I looked at the injured man taken to the hospital last night
I caught the boy bitten black and blue by him
4. Sesudah kata benda.
Bertugas menyederhanakan klausa Adjective yang mengguna-kan kata sambung WHO dan WHICH
Contoh :
The man is my brother. The man
was introduced to you last night
The man who was introduced to you last night is my brother
Kata sambung WHO pada kalimat
diatas dapat dihilangkan dengan syarat kata sambung-nya yaitu WHO berikut to
benya harus dihilangkan.
The man introduced to you last night is my brother
The car belongs to me. The car
was repaired by John last night
The car which was repaired by John last night belongs to me
Kata sambung WHICH padakalimat
diatas dapat dihilangkan dengan syarat kata sambungnya yaitu WHICH berikut to
benya harus dihilangkan.
The car repaired by John last night belongs to me
5. Di awal kalimat. Bertugas
menyederhanakan Adverb Clause of Time,
Reason,Condition
Contoh :
When the car was repaired by him,
the car blew up
Repaired by him, the car blew up
After the car had been repaired
by him, the car could be used again
Having been repaired by him, the car could be used again
If the car is repaired now, the
car can be used again this afternoon
Repaired now, the car can be used again this afternoon
Because the car was repaired in a
hurry, the car broke down again
Repaired in a hurry, the car broke down again
Selamat
Belajar
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