Sunday, March 11, 2012

DEMONSTRATIVE & INDEFINITE PRONOUNS


1. Demonstrative Pronouns:   Tunggal      Jamak

                                                       This          These  ( ini )
                                                       That          Those   ( itu )

   This ( bendanya dekat),  That ( bendanya jauh )

   a. digunakan  untuk menunjukkan benda tunggal yang sudah  jelas  :
       sudah disebutkan sebelumnya atau bendanya terlihat.
       Contoh :

            There are two books on the table. This is a dictionary and
            that is a workbook
            A: Which of the two books can be taken home?
            B: This can be taken home but that can't
            A: Can I borrow this?
            B: No, that can only be read here

   b. digunakan  untuk menggantikan kalimat (clause) yang sudah  dise-
       butkan sebelumnya
       Contoh :

            Our car broke down. This made us late for the train
            He  said  I was not a good student. That  was  a  horrible
            thing to say, wasn't it?

   These, Those

   digunakan untuk menunjukkan benda yang lebih dari satu (jamak)
   Contoh :

             A: I'm looking for good books. Can I borrow these?
             B: No, those can only be read here. Don't borrow them

   That, Those

   dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan benda yang sudah disebutkan  se-
   belumnya seperti dalam susunan kalimat berikut ini:
  
       The weather of the island of Sumatra is almost the same as  the
       weather of the other islands in Indonesia
       The weather of the island of Sumatra is almost the same as that
       of the other islands in Indonesia

       The streets of Jakarta are larger than the streets of Bandung     
       The streets of Jakarta are larger than those of Bandung

2. Indefinite Pronouns

   One, Ones

   One = seseorang, orang, kita
   Contoh :

            To succeed, one must work hard
  
   One  (tunggal),  Ones (jamak) dapat  digunakan  untuk  menggantikan
   benda yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya
   Contoh :

            A: There are two pens on the table, a red one and a brown
                 one.  Which one is yours?
            B: The red one is mine and the brown one is John's
                You carry the heavy boxes and I'll bring the light ones

   None = tak satupun, tak seorang pun, tak sedikitpun
   dapat juga diikuti of the + kata benda jamak / kata ganti
   Contoh :

            How many girls wanted to stay?
            None wanted to stay. All wanted to go home
            None of the girls wanted to stay
            None of them wanted to stay

   Some = beberapa (CN), sedikit (UN).   Digunakan dalam kalimat Posi-
   tive.
   Contoh :

            He needs money. He wants to borrow some from me
            The children are in the yard. Some want to play kites. The
            others want to play marbles

Note : CN = Countable Noun      UN = Uncountable Noun

   Any = beberapa (CN), sedikit (UN).   Digunakan dalam kalimat Inter-
   rogative dan Negative.
   Contoh :

            Have you put any salt in the soup? I haven't put any yet
            Have you got any apples? I haven't got any at home

   All = semua, seluruhnya (CN dan UN)
   Contoh :

            The students are very quiet. All are busy doing the test
            I have not any money. All was spent on clothes

   Many = banyak (CN), Much = banyak (UN)
   Contoh :

            You have a lot of money but I haven't got much
            He gets lots of letters but I haven't got many

   A few = beberapa (CN), A little = sedikit (UN)
   Contoh :

            The  students are planning to make a trip. A few  of  them
            want to go to Bali
            She needs a few onions and a little pepper for the soup

   Few, Little = hampir tidak ada (sedikit sekali)
   Contoh :

            I have too few holidays, so I won't go anywhere this time
            I have very little time, so I can't meet you tonight

   Another, Others, The other, The others = yang lainnya

   Another

   Benda yang dimaksud satu. Sebenarnya bendanya banyak
   Contoh :

            This book is dirty. Give me another, please
            This coffee is very good. Can I have another cup, please?

   Others

   Benda yang dimaksud lebih dari satu. Sebenarnya bendanya banyak
   Contoh :

            These eggs are not good. I want others
            They do not want to join us, so we have to find others

   The other

   Benda yang dimaksud satu. Bendanya tidak ada lagi
   Contoh :

            I  have only two knives. If you don't want this  one,  you
            can take the other

   The others

   Bendanya  merupakan sisa dari sejumlah atau sekelompok  benda  yang
   sudah diketahui
   Contoh :

            Only Rosa and Lina have finished the test. The others  are
            still writing

   Somebody / Someone = seseorang. Dipakai dalam kalimat Positive
   Something  = sesuatu
   Contoh :

            Somebody entered the room and put something on the table

   Anybody / Anyone = seseorang.  Anything = sesuatu
   Dipakai di dalam kalimat Interrogative dan Negative
   Contoh :

            Did anyone see you enter the room last night?
            I didn't see anybody enter the room last night
            I didn't have anything to eat

   Anybody / Anyone = Siapapun.  Anything = Apapun
   Dipakai di dalam kalimat Positive
   Contoh :

            Sule is a famous actor. Anybody knows him
            He is a millionaire. He can buy anything

   Nobody / No one = tak seorangpun. Nothing = tak satupun
   Dipakai di dalam kalimat Positive
   Contoh :

            Nobody can move this piano. It is very heavy
            The box is empty. There is nothing in it

3. Distributive Pronouns 

   Each     = masing-masing/tiap-tiap. Bendanya minimal dua
   Either   = salah satu  ( dari dua buah benda )
   Neither = tak satupun ( dari dua buah benda )

   Contoh :

            Two men entered the room. Each was carrying a suitcase
            There are two old cars in the garage. Either can still be
            used          
            There  are  two secretaries working for him.  Neither  can
            speak English fluently

   Ketiga  kata  diatas dapat diikuti of the + kata benda  jamak  atau
   kata ganti
   Contoh :

            Two  men entered the room. Each of the men was carrying  a
            suitcase. atau Each of them was carrying a suitcase
            I like both houses, but neither of the houses is for sale
            atau neither of them is for sale

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